Key to Pronunciation. Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001

Phonemes

ə sofa (sō'fə), item (ī'təm), easily (ē'zəlē), cannon (kăn'ən), circus (sûr'kəs)
ă act (ăkt), bat (băt)
ā ape (āp), fail (fāl), day (dā)
â air (âr), care (kâr)
ä art (ärt), father (fä'thər)
b back (băk), labor (lā'bər), cab (kăb)
ch chin (chĭn), hatchet (hăch'ət), rich (rĭch)
d dock (dŏk), lady (lā'dē), sad (săd)
ĕ end (ĕnd), steady (stĕd'ē), met (mĕt)
ē eve (ēv), clear (klēr), see (sē)
f fat (făt), phase (fāz), cough (kôf)
g get (gĕt), bigger (bĭg'ər), tag (tăg)
h hand (hănd), ahead (əhĕd')
hw wheel (hwēl), which (hwĭch)
ĭ it (ĭt), pill (pĭl), mirror (mĭr'ər)
ī iron (ī'ərn), eye (ī), buyer (bī'ər)
j jam (jăm), ginger (jĭn'jər), edge (ĕj)
k kit (kĭt), tackle (tăk'əl), cook (kk)
l little (lĭt'əl), holly (hŏl'ē), pull (pl)
m man (măn), hammer (hăm'ər), climb (klīm)
n new (n), known (nōn), winner (wĭn'ər)
ng singing (sĭng'ĭg), finger (fĭng'gər), sang (săng), sank (săngk)
ŏ hot (hŏt), body (bŏd'ē)
ō over (ō'vər), hope (hōp), grow (grō)
ô orbit (ôr'bĭt), fall (fôl), saw (sô)
foot (ft), wolf (wlf), put (pt), pure (pyr)
boot (bt), lose (lz), drew (dr), true (tr)
oi oil (oil), royal (roi'əl), boy (boi)
ou out (out), crowd (kroud), how (hou)
p pipe (pīp), happy (hăp'ē)
r road (rōd), appeared (əpērd'), carpenter (kär'pəntər)
s so (sō), cite (sīt), baste (bāst)
sh shall (shăl), sure (shr), nation (nā'shən)
t tight (tīt), better (bĕt'ər), talked (tôkt)
th thin (thĭn), bath (băth)
th then (thĕn), father (fä'thər), bathe (bāth)
ŭ but (bŭt), flood (flŭd), some (sŭm)
û curl (kûrl), girl (gûrl), fern (fûrn), worm (wûrm)
v vest (vĕst), trivial (trĭv'ēəl), eve (ēv)
w wax (wăks), twins (twĭnz)
y you (y), onion (ŭn'yən)
z zipper (zĭp'ər), ease (ēz), treads (trĕdz)
zh pleasure (plĕzh'ər), rouge (rzh)

Foreign Sounds

ö as in French peu (pö), German Goethe (gö'tə)
ü as in French Cluny (klünē')
kh as in German ach (äkh), ich (ĭkh); Scottish loch (lŏkh)
N this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as in French cinq (săNk), un (öN), sans (säN), tombe (tôNb), en (äN); Portuguese São João (souN zhwouN)

Accents and Hyphens

' primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable: Nebraska (nəbrăs'kə), James Buchanan (bykă'nən)
'' secondary accent: Mississippi (mĭs''əsĭp'ē)
dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony (hĭjĕm'ənē, hē–, hēj'əmō''nē, hĕg'ə–)
- hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger (ûr'lăng-ər), dishearten (dĭs-här'tən)