Haiku is one of the most important form of
traditional japanese poetry. Haiku is, today, a 17-syllable verse form
consisting of three metrical units of 5, 7, and 5 syllables. Since early days,
there has been confusion between the three related terms Haiku, Hokku and
Haikai. The term hokku literally means "starting verse", and was
the first starting link of a much longer chain of verses known as haika.
Because the hokku set the tone for the rest of the poetic chain, it
enjoyed a privileged position in haikai poetry, and it was not uncommon
for a poet to compose a hokku by itself without following up with the
rest of the chain. Largely through the efforts of Masaoka Shiki, this
independence was formally established in the 1890s through the creation of the
term haiku. This new form of poetry was to be written, read and
understood as an independent poem, complete in itself, rather than part of a
longer chain. Strictly speaking, then, the history of haiku begins only in
the last years of the 19th century. The famous verses of such Edo-period
(1600-1868) masters as Basho, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi
Issa are properly referred to as hokku and must be placed in the
perspective of the history of haikai even though they are now generally
read as independent haiku. In HAIKU for PEOPLE, both terms will be treated
equally! The distinction between hokku and haiku can be
handled by using the terms Classical Haiku and Modern
Haiku.
Modern Haiku. The history of the modern haiku dates from Masaoka
Shiki's reform, begun in 1892, which established haiku as a new independent
poetic form. Shiki's reform did not change two traditional elements of haiku:
the division of 17 syllables into three groups of 5, 7, and 5 syllables and the
inclusion of a seasonal theme. Kawahigashi Hekigoto carried Shiki's
reform further with two proposals:
Haiku would be truer to reality if there were no center of interest in it.
The importance of the poet's first impression, just as it was, of subjects
taken from daily life, and of local colour to create freshness.
How to write Haiku
In japanese, the rules for how to write Haiku are
clear, and will not be discussed here. In foreign languages, there exist NO
consensus in how to write Haiku-poems. Anyway, let's take a look at the basic
knowledge:
What to write about?
Haiku-poems can describe almost anything, but
you seldom find themes which are too complicated for normal PEOPLE's recognition
and understanding. Some of the most thrilling Haiku-poems describe daily
situations in a way that gives the reader a brand new experience of a well-known
situation.
The metrical pattern of Haiku
Haiku-poems consist of respectively 5,
7 and 5 syllables in three units. In japanese, this convention is a must, but in
english, which has variation in the length of syllables, this can sometimes be
difficult.
The technique of cutting
The cutting divides the Haiku into two
parts, with a certain imaginative distance between the two sections, but the two
sections must remain, to a degree, independent of each other. Both sections must
enrich the understanding of the other. To make this cutting in english,
either the first or the second line ends normally with a colon, long dash or
ellipsis.
The seasonal theme.
Each Haiku must contain a kigo, a season
word, which indicate in which season the Haiku is set. For example, cherry
blossoms indicate spring, snow indicate winter, and mosquitoes indicate summer,
but the season word isn't always that obvious.
Please notice that Haiku-poems are written under different rules and in many
languages. For translated Haiku-poems, the translator must decide whether he
should obey the rules strictly, or if he should present the exact essence of the
Haiku. For Haiku-poems originally written in english, the poet should be more
careful. These are the difficulties, and the pleasure of Haiku.
Sick and feverish Glimpse of cherry blossoms Still shivering.
Anonymous.
Without flowing wine How to enjoy lovely Cherry blossoms?
Basho,
Matsuo. (1644-1694). The name Bashó (banana tree) is a
sobriquet he adopted around 1681 after moving into a hut with a banana tree
alongside. He was called Kinsaku in childhood and Matsuo
Munefusa in his later days. Basho's father was a low-ranking samurai
from the Iga Province. To be a samurai, Basho serviced for the local lord Todo
Yoshitada (Sengin). Since Yoshitada was fond of writing haikai, Basho
began writing poetry under the name Sobo. During the years, Basho
made many travels through Japan, and one of the most famous went to the north,
where he wrote Oku No
Hosomichi (1694). On his last trip, he died in Osaka, and his last
haiku indicates that he was still thinking of traveling and writing poetry as
he lay dying:
Fallen sick on a journey, In dreams I run wildly Over a withered
moor.
At the time of his death, Basho had more than 2000 students.
An old pond! A frog jumps in- The sound of water.
The first soft snow! Enough to bend the leaves Of the jonquil
low.
In the cicada's cry No sign can foretell How soon it must die.
No one travels Along this way but I, This autumn evening.
In all the rains of May there is one thing not hidden - the bridge
at Seta Bay.
The years first day thoughts and loneliness; the autumn dusk is
here.
Clouds appear and bring to men a chance to rest from looking at the
moon.
Harvest moon: around the pond I wander and the night is gone.
Poverty's child - he starts to grind the rice, and gazes at the
moon.
No blossoms and no moon, and he is drinking sake all alone!
Won't you come and see loneliness? Just one leaf from the
kiri tree.
Temple bells die out. The fragrant blossoms remain. A perfect
evening! Buson, Yosa. (1716-84).
At the over-matured sushi, The Master Is full of regret.
Pressing Sushi; After a while, A lonely feeling
A whale! Down it goes, and more and more up goes its tail!
Etsujin.
Covered with the flowers, Instantly I'd like to die In this dream of
ours!
In my old home which I forsook, the cherries are in bloom.
A giant firefly: that way, this way, that way, this - and it passes
by.
Right at my feet - and when did you get here, snail?
My grumbling wife - if only she were here! This moon tonight...
A lovely thing to see: through the paper window's hole, the
Galaxy.
A man, just one - also a fly, just one - in the huge drawing
room.
A sudden shower falls - and naked I am riding on a naked horse!
Kato, Shuson
I kill an ant and realize my three children have been watching.
Kawahigashi, Hekigodo. (1873-1937).
From a bathing tub I throw water into the lake - slight muddiness
appears.
Kójó
Night, and the moon! My neighbor, playing on his flute - out of
tune!
Murakami, Kijo. (1865-1938).
First autumn morning: the mirror I stare into shows my father's
face.
The moment two bubbles are united, they both vanish. A lotus
blooms.
Natsume,
Soseki. (1867-1916) Soseki's debut came in 1905 with "I Am a
Cat ". In 1907 he resigned his post at Tokyo University as
Professor in English, to devote his entire time to the writing of novels.
His writings include "The Three-Cornered World" (1906), "The Wayfarer"
(1912-13) "Kokoro
" (1914), and "The
Grass on the Wayside" (1915).
On New Year's Day I long to meet my parents as they were before my
birth.
The crow has flown away: swaying in the evening sun, a leafless
tree.
Raizan.
You rice-field maidens! The only things not muddy Are the songs you
sing.
Ryusui. (1691-1758).
In all this cool is the moon also sleeping? There, in the pool?
Feel free to use anything from this page as long as you make references to HAIKU
for PEOPLE Last updated: Jan 10th. 2001. Editor: Kei Grieg Toyomasukei@toyomasu.com