Lyras GA, Van Der Geer AAE, Dermitzakis MD, De Vos J. 2006. Cynotherium sardous, an insular canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia, and its origin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(3): 735-745.

The endemic insular canid Cynotherium sardous has been known for 1 1⁄2 centuries, yet its phylogenetic position remained unsolved. This was because inherited ancestral characters and acquired adaptations to different ecological pressures could not be separated. In this study the problem is approached again, with the use of morphological features that were either overlooked or could not be explained properly, combined with results from recent major revisions of canid phylogeny. It appears that Xenocyon is the ancestor of Cynotherium, and that this large hypercarnivorous canid, once on the island, faced a rather different menu consisting of small prey only. The subsequent necessary adaptation resulted in a small-sized dog whose dentition remained much the same, whereas its skull lost the typical fortifications seen in the other hypercarnivorous canids; these are considered superfluous for Cynotherium, which had to exchange big and strong prey for small and fast prey.

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