IOUtils (Apache Commons IO 2.5 API)

org.apache.commons.io

## Class IOUtils

- java.lang.Object
- - org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils

-     public class IOUtils
      extends Object

  General IO stream manipulation utilities.

  This class provides static utility methods for input/output operations.

  - closeQuietly - these methods close a stream ignoring nulls and exceptions
  - toXxx/read - these methods read data from a stream
  - write - these methods write data to a stream
  - copy - these methods copy all the data from one stream to another
  - contentEquals - these methods compare the content of two streams

  The byte-to-char methods and char-to-byte methods involve a conversion step. Two methods are provided in each case, one that uses the platform default encoding and the other which allows you to specify an encoding. You are encouraged to always specify an encoding because relying on the platform default can lead to unexpected results, for example when moving from development to production.

  All the methods in this class that read a stream are buffered internally. This means that there is no cause to use a `BufferedInputStream` or `BufferedReader`. The default buffer size of 4K has been shown to be efficient in tests.

  The various copy methods all delegate the actual copying to one of the following methods:

  - `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, byte[])`
  - `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, long, long, byte[])`
  - `copyLarge(Reader, Writer, char[])`
  - `copyLarge(Reader, Writer, long, long, char[])`
  For example, `copy(InputStream, OutputStream)` calls `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream)` which calls `copy(InputStream, OutputStream, int)` which creates the buffer and calls `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, byte[])`.

  Applications can re-use buffers by using the underlying methods directly. This may improve performance for applications that need to do a lot of copying.

  Wherever possible, the methods in this class do not flush or close the stream. This is to avoid making non-portable assumptions about the streams' origin and further use. Thus the caller is still responsible for closing streams after use.

  Origin of code: Excalibur.

  Version:
    $Id: IOUtils.java 1722156 2015-12-29 15:40:07Z ggregory $

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR` The system directory separator character.
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX` The Unix directory separator character.
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS` The Windows directory separator character.
    `static int` | `EOF` Represents the end-of-file (or stream).
    `static String` | `LINE_SEPARATOR` The system line separator string.
    `static String` | `LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX` The Unix line separator string.
    `static String` | `LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS` The Windows line separator string.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `IOUtils()` Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `static BufferedInputStream` | `buffer(InputStream inputStream)` Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
    `static BufferedInputStream` | `buffer(InputStream inputStream, int size)` Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
    `static BufferedOutputStream` | `buffer(OutputStream outputStream)` Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
    `static BufferedOutputStream` | `buffer(OutputStream outputStream, int size)` Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
    `static BufferedReader` | `buffer(Reader reader)` Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedReader` | `buffer(Reader reader, int size)` Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedWriter` | `buffer(Writer writer)` Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
    `static BufferedWriter` | `buffer(Writer writer, int size)` Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
    `static void` | `close(URLConnection conn)` Closes a URLConnection.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Closeable... closeables)` Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Closeable closeable)` Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(InputStream input)` Closes an `InputStream` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(OutputStream output)` Closes an `OutputStream` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Reader input)` Closes an `Reader` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Selector selector)` Closes a `Selector` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(ServerSocket sock)` Closes a `ServerSocket` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Socket sock)` Closes a `Socket` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Writer output)` Closes an `Writer` unconditionally.
    `static boolean` | `contentEquals(InputStream input1, InputStream input2)` Compares the contents of two Streams to determine if they are equal or not.
    `static boolean` | `contentEquals(Reader input1, Reader input2)` Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not.
    `static boolean` | `contentEqualsIgnoreEOL(Reader input1, Reader input2)` Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not, ignoring EOL characters.
    `static int` | `copy(InputStream input, OutputStream output)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copy(InputStream input, OutputStream output, int bufferSize)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream` using an internal buffer of the given size.
    `static void` | `copy(InputStream input, Writer output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `copy(InputStream, Writer, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `copy(InputStream input, Writer output, Charset inputEncoding)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `copy(InputStream input, Writer output, String inputEncoding)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `copy(Reader input, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `copy(Reader, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `copy(Reader input, OutputStream output, Charset outputEncoding)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
    `static void` | `copy(Reader input, OutputStream output, String outputEncoding)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
    `static int` | `copy(Reader input, Writer output)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output)` Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output, byte[] buffer)` Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output, long inputOffset, long length)` Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output, long inputOffset, long length, byte[] buffer)` Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader input, Writer output)` Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader input, Writer output, char[] buffer)` Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader input, Writer output, long inputOffset, long length)` Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader input, Writer output, long inputOffset, long length, char[] buffer)` Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(InputStream input, Charset encoding)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(InputStream input, String encoding)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(Reader reader)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `Reader`.
    `static int` | `read(InputStream input, byte[] buffer)` Reads bytes from an input stream.
    `static int` | `read(InputStream input, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads bytes from an input stream.
    `static int` | `read(ReadableByteChannel input, ByteBuffer buffer)` Reads bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.
    `static int` | `read(Reader input, char[] buffer)` Reads characters from an input character stream.
    `static int` | `read(Reader input, char[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads characters from an input character stream.
    `static void` | `readFully(InputStream input, byte[] buffer)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(InputStream input, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static byte[]` | `readFully(InputStream input, int length)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(ReadableByteChannel input, ByteBuffer buffer)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(Reader input, char[] buffer)` Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(Reader input, char[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(InputStream input)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `readLines(InputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(InputStream input, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(InputStream input, String encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(Reader input)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.
    `static long` | `skip(InputStream input, long toSkip)` Skips bytes from an input byte stream.
    `static long` | `skip(ReadableByteChannel input, long toSkip)` Skips bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.
    `static long` | `skip(Reader input, long toSkip)` Skips characters from an input character stream.
    `static void` | `skipFully(InputStream input, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `skipFully(ReadableByteChannel input, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `skipFully(Reader input, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static InputStream` | `toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input)` Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.
    `static InputStream` | `toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input, int size)` Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.
    `static BufferedReader` | `toBufferedReader(Reader reader)` Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedReader` | `toBufferedReader(Reader reader, int size)` Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream input)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream input, int size)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream input, long size)` Gets contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(Reader input)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toByteArray(Reader, Charset)` instead
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(Reader input, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(Reader input, String encoding)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(String input)` Deprecated. 2.5 Use `String.getBytes()` instead
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URI uri)` Gets the contents of a `URI` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URL url)` Gets the contents of a `URL` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URLConnection urlConn)` Gets the contents of a `URLConnection` as a `byte[]`.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(InputStream is)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toCharArray(InputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(InputStream is, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(InputStream is, String encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(Reader input)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a character array.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(CharSequence input)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toInputStream(CharSequence, Charset)` instead
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(CharSequence input, Charset encoding)` Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(CharSequence input, String encoding)` Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(String input)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toInputStream(String, Charset)` instead
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(String input, Charset encoding)` Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(String input, String encoding)` Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(byte[] input)` Deprecated. 2.5 Use `String.String(byte[])` instead
    `static String` | `toString(byte[] input, String encoding)` Gets the contents of a `byte[]` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(InputStream input)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(InputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static String` | `toString(InputStream input, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(InputStream input, String encoding)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(Reader input)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a String.
    `static String` | `toString(URI uri)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(URI, Charset)` instead
    `static String` | `toString(URI uri, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URI.
    `static String` | `toString(URI uri, String encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URI.
    `static String` | `toString(URL url)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(URL, Charset)` instead
    `static String` | `toString(URL url, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URL.
    `static String` | `toString(URL url, String encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URL.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, OutputStream output)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, Writer output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(byte[], Writer, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, Writer output, Charset encoding)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, Writer output, String encoding)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(char[], OutputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, OutputStream output, Charset encoding)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, OutputStream output, String encoding)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, Writer output)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer`
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(CharSequence, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, OutputStream output, Charset encoding)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, OutputStream output, String encoding)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, Writer output)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to a `Writer`.
    `static void` | `write(StringBuffer data, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, OutputStream)
    `static void` | `write(StringBuffer data, OutputStream output, String encoding)` Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, OutputStream, String)
    `static void` | `write(StringBuffer data, Writer output)` Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, Writer)
    `static void` | `write(String data, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(String, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `write(String data, OutputStream output, Charset encoding)` Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(String data, OutputStream output, String encoding)` Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(String data, Writer output)` Writes chars from a `String` to a `Writer`.
    `static void` | `writeChunked(byte[] data, OutputStream output)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream` using chunked writes.
    `static void` | `writeChunked(char[] data, Writer output)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer` using chunked writes.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, OutputStream output)` Deprecated. 2.5 use `writeLines(Collection, String, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, OutputStream output, Charset encoding)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, OutputStream output, String encoding)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, Writer writer)` Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to a `Writer` line by line, using the specified line ending.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### EOF

          public static final int EOF

      Represents the end-of-file (or stream).
      Since:
        2.5 (made public)
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX

      The Unix directory separator character.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

      The Windows directory separator character.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR

      The system directory separator character.

    - #### LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX

          public static final String LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX

      The Unix line separator string.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

          public static final String LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

      The Windows line separator string.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### LINE_SEPARATOR

          public static final String LINE_SEPARATOR

      The system line separator string.

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### IOUtils

          public IOUtils()

      Instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### close

          public static void close(URLConnection conn)

      Closes a URLConnection.
      Parameters:
        `conn` - the connection to close.
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Reader input)

      Closes an `Reader` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Reader.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             char[] data = new char[1024];
             Reader in = null;
             try {
                 in = new FileReader("foo.txt");
                 in.read(data);
                 in.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
             }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the Reader to close, may be null or already closed

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Writer output)

      Closes an `Writer` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Writer.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Writer out = null;
             try {
                 out = new StringWriter();
                 out.write("Hello World");
                 out.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
             }

      Parameters:
        `output` - the Writer to close, may be null or already closed

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(InputStream input)

      Closes an `InputStream` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `InputStream.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             byte[] data = new byte[1024];
             InputStream in = null;
             try {
                 in = new FileInputStream("foo.txt");
                 in.read(data);
                 in.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
             }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the InputStream to close, may be null or already closed

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(OutputStream output)

      Closes an `OutputStream` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `OutputStream.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

           byte[] data = "Hello, World".getBytes();

           OutputStream out = null;
           try {
               out = new FileOutputStream("foo.txt");
               out.write(data);
               out.close(); //close errors are handled
           } catch (IOException e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
           }

      Parameters:
        `output` - the OutputStream to close, may be null or already closed

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Closeable closeable)

      Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Closeable.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

           Closeable closeable = null;
           try {
               closeable = new FileReader("foo.txt");
               // process closeable
               closeable.close();
           } catch (Exception e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(closeable);
           }

      Closing all streams:

           try {
               return IOUtils.copy(inputStream, outputStream);
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(inputStream);
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(outputStream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `closeable` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Closeable... closeables)

      Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Closeable.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored.

      This is typically used in finally blocks to ensure that the closeable is closed even if an Exception was thrown before the normal close statement was reached.
      It should not be used to replace the close statement(s) which should be present for the non-exceptional case.
      It is only intended to simplify tidying up where normal processing has already failed and reporting close failure as well is not necessary or useful.

      Example code:

           Closeable closeable = null;
           try {
               closeable = new FileReader("foo.txt");
               // processing using the closeable; may throw an Exception
               closeable.close(); // Normal close - exceptions not ignored
           } catch (Exception e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(closeable); // In case normal close was skipped due to Exception
           }

      Closing all streams:

           try {
               return IOUtils.copy(inputStream, outputStream);
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(inputStream, outputStream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `closeables` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      Since:
        2.5
      See Also:
        `closeQuietly(Closeable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Socket sock)

      Closes a `Socket` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Socket.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Socket socket = null;
             try {
                 socket = new Socket("http://www.foo.com/", 80);
                 // process socket
                 socket.close();
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(socket);
             }

      Parameters:
        `sock` - the Socket to close, may be null or already closed
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Selector selector)

      Closes a `Selector` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Selector.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Selector selector = null;
             try {
                 selector = Selector.open();
                 // process socket

             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(selector);
             }

      Parameters:
        `selector` - the Selector to close, may be null or already closed
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(ServerSocket sock)

      Closes a `ServerSocket` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `ServerSocket.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             ServerSocket socket = null;
             try {
                 socket = new ServerSocket();
                 // process socket
                 socket.close();
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(socket);
             }

      Parameters:
        `sock` - the ServerSocket to close, may be null or already closed
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### toBufferedInputStream

          public static InputStream toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input)
                                                   throws IOException

      Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.

      This method is useful where,

      - Source InputStream is slow.
      - It has network resources associated, so we cannot keep it open for long time.
      - It has network timeout associated.
      It can be used in favor of `toByteArray(InputStream)`, since it avoids unnecessary allocation and copy of byte[].
      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - Stream to be fully buffered.
      Returns:
        A fully buffered stream.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### toBufferedInputStream

          public static InputStream toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input,
                                          int size)
                                                   throws IOException

      Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.

      This method is useful where,

      - Source InputStream is slow.
      - It has network resources associated, so we cannot keep it open for long time.
      - It has network timeout associated.
      It can be used in favor of `toByteArray(InputStream)`, since it avoids unnecessary allocation and copy of byte[].
      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - Stream to be fully buffered.
        `size` - the initial buffer size
      Returns:
        A fully buffered stream.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### toBufferedReader

          public static BufferedReader toBufferedReader(Reader reader)

      Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.2
      See Also:
        `buffer(Reader)`

    - #### toBufferedReader

          public static BufferedReader toBufferedReader(Reader reader,
                                        int size)

      Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedReader is created.
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5
      See Also:
        `buffer(Reader)`

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedReader buffer(Reader reader)

      Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedReader buffer(Reader reader,
                              int size)

      Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedReader is created.
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedWriter buffer(Writer writer)

      Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
      Parameters:
        `writer` - the Writer to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given Writer or a new `BufferedWriter` for the given Writer
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedWriter buffer(Writer writer,
                              int size)

      Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
      Parameters:
        `writer` - the Writer to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedWriter is created.
      Returns:
        the given Writer or a new `BufferedWriter` for the given Writer
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedOutputStream buffer(OutputStream outputStream)

      Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
      Parameters:
        `outputStream` - the OutputStream to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given OutputStream or a new `BufferedOutputStream` for the given OutputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedOutputStream buffer(OutputStream outputStream,
                                    int size)

      Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
      Parameters:
        `outputStream` - the OutputStream to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedOutputStream is created.
      Returns:
        the given OutputStream or a new `BufferedOutputStream` for the given OutputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedInputStream buffer(InputStream inputStream)

      Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the InputStream to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given InputStream or a new `BufferedInputStream` for the given InputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedInputStream buffer(InputStream inputStream,
                                   int size)

      Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the InputStream to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedInputStream is created.
      Returns:
        the given InputStream or a new `BufferedInputStream` for the given InputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input,
                           long size)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`. Use this method instead of `toByteArray(InputStream)` when `InputStream` size is known. NOTE: the method checks that the length can safely be cast to an int without truncation before using `toByteArray(java.io.InputStream, int)` to read into the byte array. (Arrays can have no more than Integer.MAX_VALUE entries anyway)
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `size` - the size of `InputStream`
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or `InputStream` size differ from parameter size
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if size is less than zero or size is greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE
      Since:
        2.1
      See Also:
        `toByteArray(java.io.InputStream, int)`

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input,
                           int size)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`. Use this method instead of `toByteArray(InputStream)` when `InputStream` size is known
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `size` - the size of `InputStream`
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or `InputStream` size differ from parameter size
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if size is less than zero
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### toByteArray

          @Deprecated
          public static byte[] toByteArray(Reader input)
                                    throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toByteArray(Reader, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(Reader input,
                           Charset encoding)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(Reader input,
                           String encoding)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### toByteArray

          @Deprecated
          public static byte[] toByteArray(String input)
                                    throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 Use `String.getBytes()` instead
      Gets the contents of a `String` as a `byte[]` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This is the same as `String.getBytes()`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `String` to convert
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs (never occurs)

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URI uri)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URI` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - the `URI` to read
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the uri is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URL url)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URL` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `url` - the `URL` to read
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URLConnection urlConn)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URLConnection` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `urlConn` - the `URLConnection` to read
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the urlConn is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs
      Since:
        2.4

    - #### toCharArray

          @Deprecated
          public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream is)
                                    throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toCharArray(InputStream, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `is` - the `InputStream` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream is,
                           Charset encoding)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `is` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream is,
                           String encoding)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `is` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(Reader input)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a character array.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### toString

          @Deprecated
          public static String toString(InputStream input)
                                 throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(InputStream, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(InputStream input,
                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(InputStream input,
                        String encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(Reader input)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a String.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          @Deprecated
          public static String toString(URI uri)
                                 throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(URI, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents at the given URI.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - The URI source.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URI uri,
                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URI.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - The URI source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
      Since:
        2.3.

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URI uri,
                        String encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URI.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - The URI source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### toString

          @Deprecated
          public static String toString(URL url)
                                 throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toString(URL, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents at the given URL.
      Parameters:
        `url` - The URL source.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URL url,
                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URL.
      Parameters:
        `url` - The URL source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URL url,
                        String encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URL.
      Parameters:
        `url` - The URL source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        2.1

    - #### toString

          @Deprecated
          public static String toString(byte[] input)
                                 throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 Use `String.String(byte[])` instead
      Gets the contents of a `byte[]` as a String using the default character encoding of the platform.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte array to read from
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs (never occurs)

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(byte[] input,
                        String encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `byte[]` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte array to read from
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs (never occurs)

    - #### readLines

          @Deprecated
          public static List<String> readLines(InputStream input)
                                        throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `readLines(InputStream, Charset)` instead
      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from, not null
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(InputStream input,
                               Charset encoding)
                                        throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from, not null
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(InputStream input,
                               String encoding)
                                        throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from, not null
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(Reader input)
                                        throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from, not null
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(Reader reader)

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `Reader`.

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `Reader` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the reader to free internal resources. This can be done by closing the reader directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()` or `LineIterator.closeQuietly(LineIterator)`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(reader);
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
           }

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read from, not null
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the reader is null
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(InputStream input,
                                  Charset encoding)
                                           throws IOException

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `InputStream` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources. This can be done by closing the stream directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()` or `LineIterator.closeQuietly(LineIterator)`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(stream, charset);
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(stream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from, not null
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs, such as if the encoding is invalid
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(InputStream input,
                                  String encoding)
                                           throws IOException

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `InputStream` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources. This can be done by closing the stream directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()` or `LineIterator.closeQuietly(LineIterator)`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(stream, "UTF-8");
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(stream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from, not null
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs, such as if the encoding is invalid
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.2

    - #### toInputStream

          @Deprecated
          public static InputStream toInputStream(CharSequence input)

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toInputStream(CharSequence, Charset)` instead
      Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the default character encoding of the platform.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the CharSequence to convert
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(CharSequence input,
                                  Charset encoding)

      Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the CharSequence to convert
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(CharSequence input,
                                  String encoding)
                                           throws IOException

      Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the CharSequence to convert
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if the encoding is invalid
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### toInputStream

          @Deprecated
          public static InputStream toInputStream(String input)

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `toInputStream(String, Charset)` instead
      Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the default character encoding of the platform.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the string to convert
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(String input,
                                  Charset encoding)

      Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the string to convert
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(String input,
                                  String encoding)
                                           throws IOException

      Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the string to convert
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if the encoding is invalid
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                   OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### writeChunked

          public static void writeChunked(byte[] data,
                          OutputStream output)
                                   throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream` using chunked writes. This is intended for writing very large byte arrays which might otherwise cause excessive memory usage if the native code has to allocate a copy.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(byte[] data,
                              Writer output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(byte[], Writer, Charset)` instead
      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method uses `String.String(byte[])`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                   Writer output,
                   Charset encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.String(byte[], String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                   Writer output,
                   String encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.String(byte[], String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                   Writer output)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer`
      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### writeChunked

          public static void writeChunked(char[] data,
                          Writer output)
                                   throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer` using chunked writes. This is intended for writing very large byte arrays which might otherwise cause excessive memory usage if the native code has to allocate a copy.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(char[] data,
                              OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(char[], OutputStream, Charset)` instead
      Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream`.

      This method uses `String.String(char[])` and `String.getBytes()`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   Charset encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.String(char[])` and `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   String encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.String(char[])` and `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                   Writer output)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to a `Writer`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                              OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(CharSequence, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method uses `String.getBytes()`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   Charset encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   String encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        2.0

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                   Writer output)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to a `Writer`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(String data,
                              OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `write(String, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
      Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method uses `String.getBytes()`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   Charset encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                   OutputStream output,
                   String encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(StringBuffer data,
                              Writer output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, Writer)
      Writes chars from a `StringBuffer` to a `Writer`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the `StringBuffer` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(StringBuffer data,
                              OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, OutputStream)
      Writes chars from a `StringBuffer` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method uses `String.getBytes()`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `StringBuffer` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### write

          @Deprecated
          public static void write(StringBuffer data,
                              OutputStream output,
                              String encoding)
                            throws IOException

      Deprecated. replaced by write(CharSequence, OutputStream, String)
      Writes chars from a `StringBuffer` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `StringBuffer` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### writeLines

          @Deprecated
          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                                   String lineEnding,
                                   OutputStream output)
                                 throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `writeLines(Collection, String, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
      Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the default character encoding of the platform and the specified line ending.
      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to, not null, not closed
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                        String lineEnding,
                        OutputStream output,
                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.
      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to, not null, not closed
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                        String lineEnding,
                        OutputStream output,
                        String encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to, not null, not closed
        `encoding` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                        String lineEnding,
                        Writer writer)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `toString()` value of each item in a collection to a `Writer` line by line, using the specified line ending.
      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to, not null, not closed
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copy

          public static int copy(InputStream input,
                 OutputStream output)
                          throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Large streams (over 2GB) will return a bytes copied value of `-1` after the copy has completed since the correct number of bytes cannot be returned as an int. For large streams use the `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream)` method.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied, or -1 if > Integer.MAX_VALUE
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(InputStream input,
                  OutputStream output,
                  int bufferSize)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream` using an internal buffer of the given size.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `bufferSize` - the bufferSize used to copy from the input to the output
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                       OutputStream output)
                                throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.3

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                       OutputStream output,
                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `buffer` - the buffer to use for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                       OutputStream output,
                       long inputOffset,
                       long length)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `inputOffset` - : number of bytes to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - : number of bytes to copy. -ve means all
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                       OutputStream output,
                       long inputOffset,
                       long length,
                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `inputOffset` - : number of bytes to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - : number of bytes to copy. -ve means all
        `buffer` - the buffer to use for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copy

          @Deprecated
          public static void copy(InputStream input,
                             Writer output)
                           throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `copy(InputStream, Writer, Charset)` instead
      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the default character encoding of the platform.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      This method uses `InputStreamReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(InputStream input,
                  Writer output,
                  Charset inputEncoding)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      This method uses `InputStreamReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputEncoding` - the encoding to use for the input stream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(InputStream input,
                  Writer output,
                  String inputEncoding)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `InputStreamReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputEncoding` - the encoding to use for the InputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copy

          public static int copy(Reader input,
                 Writer output)
                          throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Large streams (over 2GB) will return a chars copied value of `-1` after the copy has completed since the correct number of chars cannot be returned as an int. For large streams use the `copyLarge(Reader, Writer)` method.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied, or -1 if > Integer.MAX_VALUE
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader input,
                       Writer output)
                                throws IOException

      Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.3

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader input,
                       Writer output,
                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `buffer` - the buffer to be used for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader input,
                       Writer output,
                       long inputOffset,
                       long length)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputOffset` - : number of chars to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - : number of chars to copy. -ve means all
      Returns:
        the number of chars copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader input,
                       Writer output,
                       long inputOffset,
                       long length,
                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputOffset` - : number of chars to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - : number of chars to copy. -ve means all
        `buffer` - the buffer to be used for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of chars copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### copy

          @Deprecated
          public static void copy(Reader input,
                             OutputStream output)
                           throws IOException

      Deprecated. 2.5 use `copy(Reader, OutputStream, Charset)` instead
      Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the default character encoding of the platform, and calling flush.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.

      This method uses `OutputStreamWriter`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(Reader input,
                  OutputStream output,
                  Charset outputEncoding)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.

      This method uses `OutputStreamWriter`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `outputEncoding` - the encoding to use for the OutputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.3

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(Reader input,
                  OutputStream output,
                  String outputEncoding)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.

      This method uses `OutputStreamWriter`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read from
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `outputEncoding` - the encoding to use for the OutputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - thrown instead of `.UnsupportedEncodingException` in version 2.2 if the encoding is not supported.
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### contentEquals

          public static boolean contentEquals(InputStream input1,
                              InputStream input2)
                                       throws IOException

      Compares the contents of two Streams to determine if they are equal or not.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedInputStream` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `input1` - the first stream
        `input2` - the second stream
      Returns:
        true if the content of the streams are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if either input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### contentEquals

          public static boolean contentEquals(Reader input1,
                              Reader input2)
                                       throws IOException

      Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedReader` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `input1` - the first reader
        `input2` - the second reader
      Returns:
        true if the content of the readers are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if either input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.1

    - #### contentEqualsIgnoreEOL

          public static boolean contentEqualsIgnoreEOL(Reader input1,
                                       Reader input2)
                                                throws IOException

      Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not, ignoring EOL characters.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedReader` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `input1` - the first reader
        `input2` - the second reader
      Returns:
        true if the content of the readers are equal (ignoring EOL differences), false otherwise
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if either input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(InputStream input,
                  long toSkip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips bytes from an input byte stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for skip() implementations in subclasses of `InputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` rather than delegating to `InputStream.skip(long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of bytes are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - byte stream to skip
        `toSkip` - number of bytes to skip.
      Returns:
        number of bytes actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`, IO-203 - Add skipFully() method for InputStreams

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(ReadableByteChannel input,
                  long toSkip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips bytes from a ReadableByteChannel. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up.
      Parameters:
        `input` - ReadableByteChannel to skip
        `toSkip` - number of bytes to skip.
      Returns:
        number of bytes actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the ReadableByteChannel
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(Reader input,
                  long toSkip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for skip() implementations in subclasses of `Reader`.

      Note that the implementation uses `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` rather than delegating to `Reader.skip(long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - character stream to skip
        `toSkip` - number of characters to skip.
      Returns:
        number of characters actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `Reader.skip(long)`, IO-203 - Add skipFully() method for InputStreams

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(InputStream input,
                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.skip(long)` may not skip as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - stream to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of bytes to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes skipped was incorrect
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(ReadableByteChannel input,
                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
      Parameters:
        `input` - ReadableByteChannel to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of bytes to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the ReadableByteChannel
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes skipped was incorrect
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(Reader input,
                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.skip(long)` may not skip as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(Reader, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - stream to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of characters to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters skipped was incorrect
      Since:
        2.0
      See Also:
        `Reader.skip(long)`

    - #### read

          public static int read(Reader input,
                 char[] buffer,
                 int offset,
                 int length)
                          throws IOException

      Reads characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `Reader`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### read

          public static int read(Reader input,
                 char[] buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `Reader`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### read

          public static int read(InputStream input,
                 byte[] buffer,
                 int offset,
                 int length)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from an input stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `InputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### read

          public static int read(InputStream input,
                 byte[] buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from an input stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `InputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### read

          public static int read(ReadableByteChannel input,
                 ByteBuffer buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.

      This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `ReadableByteChannel`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte channel to read
        `buffer` - byte buffer destination
      Returns:
        the actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(Reader input,
                       char[] buffer,
                       int offset,
                       int length)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` may not read as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(Reader input,
                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` may not read as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(InputStream input,
                       byte[] buffer,
                       int offset,
                       int length)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(InputStream input,
                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.2

    - #### readFully

          public static byte[] readFully(InputStream input,
                         int length)
                                  throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        the bytes read from input
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.5

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(ReadableByteChannel input,
                       ByteBuffer buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `ReadableByteChannel.read(ByteBuffer)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte channel to read
        `buffer` - byte buffer destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect
      Since:
        2.5

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